Design of sequential circuits by quantum-dot cellular automata

This paper proposes a detailed design analysis of sequential circuits for quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). This analysis encompasses flip-flop (FF) devices as well as circuits. Initially, a novel RS-type FF amenable to a QCA implementation is proposed. This FF extends a previous threshold-based configuration to QCA by taking into account the timing issues associated with the adiabatic switching of this technology. The characterization of a D-type FF as a device consisting of an embedded wire is also presented. Unique timing constraints in QCA sequential logic design are identified and investigated. An algorithm for assigning appropriate clocking zones to a QCA sequential circuit is proposed. A technique referred to as stretching is used in the algorithm to ensure timing and delay matching. This algorithm relies on a topological sorting and enumeration step to consistently traversing only once the edges of the graph representation of the QCA sequential circuit. Examples of QCA sequential circuits are provided. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.